湖南省郴州市新型冠状病毒肺炎突发公共卫生事件报告质量及问题探讨

目的 评价湖南省郴州市新型冠状病毒肺炎突发公共卫生事件网络报告质量,为进一步提高新发传染病网络报告质量提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对郴州市新型冠状病毒肺炎突发公共卫生事件报告数据进行分析,并根据定义监测指标评估事件监测报告质量。结果 截至2020年3月4日郴州市共报告17起新型冠状病毒肺炎突发公共卫生相关事件,均为未分级事件,聚集性疫情波及人口的罹患率为2.00%~83.33%。9起事件已结案,其中1起事件中出现出院病例核酸复检阳性。报告时效值为（0.56±0.44） h,监测敏感值平均为4.54 d,信息完整率和准确率均为100%。结论 新冠肺炎突发事件均报告及时、信息报告完整且准确,但是监测敏感性滞后;事件进程中要根据疫情进展,及时、准确评估疫情并对事件定级。事件中末例病例出院后随访至少28 d,相关危险因素消除后再对事件进行结案评估。     

健康状态中医辨识研究前景分析

健康状态中医辨识是基于中医原创思维和健康理论,运用中医健康状态评价的方法和技术,形成中医健康状态评价方法体系,对健康状态进行辨识。世界卫生组织指出,21世纪的医学,不应继续以疾病为主要研究对象,而应以人类健康作为医学研究的主要方向。进行健康状态中医辨识相关研究,符合21世纪的医学将从疾病医学向健康医学转变的趋势,也符合新医改形势下卫生保健提倡的“关口前移”,对促进人群健康有重要意义。     

Three opportunities for standardization: A literature review of the variation among pharmacists’ patient care services terminology

BackgroundVariation describing pharmacists’ patient care services exist, and this variation contributes to the prevalent misunderstanding of pharmacists' roles. In contrast, standard phraseology is a critical practice among highly reliable organizations and a way to reduce variation and confusion.ObjectiveThis work aims to identify and define pharmacists’ patient care service terms to identify redundancies and opportunities for standardization.MethodsBetween May to August 2018, terms and definitions were searched via PubMed, Google Scholar and statements/policies of professional pharmacy organizations. Two references per term were sought to provide an “early definition” and a “contemporary definition.” Only literature published in English was included, and data gathered from each citation included the date published, the term's definition, and characterization of the reference's source as either a regulatory or professional body. A five-person expert panel used an iterative technique to revise and verify the list of included terms and subsequent literature review results. Terms were then searched in the National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Heading Database (MeSH) in July, 2019.ResultsThere are fifteen commonly misunderstood terms that refer to the patient care services provided by pharmacists. The appearance of these terms in the literature spanned nearly five decades. Nearly half of terms appeared first in regulatory, law or policy documents; of these, two terms had contemporary definitions appearing in the professional literature that differed from their early regulatory definition. Three opportunities to improve standardization include: (1) Implementation of standardized phraseology systems similar to nursing's Clinical Care Classification System; (2) Academics' adherence to standardized MeSH terms; and (3) Clarification of pharmacy education accreditation standards.ConclusionNumerous terms are used to describe pharmacists' patient care services, with many definitions of terms overlapping in several key components. The profession has made concerted efforts to consolidate and standardize terminology in the past, but more opportunities exist.     

2017年全国中医药健康文化知识普及情况调查数据分析

持续追踪与分析全国中医药健康文化知识普及情况变化趋势,为制定中医药健康文化知识普及有关政策、策略和措施提供科学依据。该研究采用分层多阶段结合随机抽样方法,对全国(不包含西藏自治区和港、澳、台地区)30个省(自治区、直辖市)328个调查点15~69岁常住人口进行入户调查。研究采用《2017年全国中医药健康文化知识普及情况调查问卷》对调查对象接触、认知、信任和使用中医药健康文化知识的情况进行问卷调查。该研究共调查89 107人,有效问卷87 287份,有效率97.96%;其中城市人口占51.35%,农村人口占48.65%;男性占48.25%,女性占51.75%。2017年全国中医药健康文化知识普及率91.72%,阅读率89.61%,信任率89.60%,行动率55.53%。研究发现,年轻群体、高文化程度居民、未患慢性病群体的中医药健康文化知识普及情况更优。建议加强针对重点地区、重点人群的中医药健康文化普及工作,针对不同地区人群开展差异化中医药健康教育,内容与形式相结合,打好大众媒体组合拳。     

Undocumented Motherhood: Gender,Maternal Identity,and the Politics of Health Care

ABSTRACT

Undocumented Mexican immigrants have had to regularly confront a prohibiting health care system despite alienation, marginalization, and the threat of deportation. In this article, I explore the impact of political exclusion and alienating discourses on the health habitus of undocumented Mexican mothers through the narrative of one mother, Marta Garza, who finds herself at the painful intersection of political and medical alienation. Marta’s narrative reflects an analytical framework that centers undocumented motherhood as a space of necessary resilience and strain, wherein she is forced to advocate for her children’s health despite prohibitive barriers and dangerous potential consequences.     

Factors associated with provision of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate to adolescents by US health care providers

ObjectiveIdentify factors associated with healthcare providers' frequency of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) provision to adolescents.Study designWe analyzed data from surveys mailed to a nationally representative sample of public-sector providers and office-based physicians (n=1984). We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of factors associated with frequent DMPA provision to adolescents in the past year.ResultsAlthough most providers (>95%) considered DMPA safe for adolescents, fewer reported frequent provision (89% of public-sector providers; 64% of office-based physicians). Among public-sector providers, factors associated with lower odds of frequent provision included working in settings without Title X funding (aOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.30–0.64), reporting primary care as their primary clinical focus versus reproductive or adolescent health (aOR 0.42, 95% CI 0.28–0.61), and providing fewer patients with family planning services. Among office-based physicians, factors associated with lower odds of frequent provision included specializing in obstetrics/gynecology (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27–0.91) and family medicine (aOR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09–0.47) versus adolescent medicine, completing training ≥15 versus <5 years ago (aOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09–0.83), and reporting that 0–24% of patients pay with Medicaid or other government healthcare assistance versus ≥50% (aOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.09–0.61). The reason most commonly reported by providers for infrequent DMPA provision was patient preference for another method.ConclusionsWhile most providers reported frequently providing DMPA to adolescents, training on evidence-based recommendations for contraception, focused on subgroups of providers with lower odds of frequent DMPA provision, may increase adolescents' access to contraception.ImplicationsAlthough >95% of providers considered depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) a safe contraceptive for adolescents, only 89% of public-sector providers and 64% of office-based physicians reported frequently providing DMPA to adolescents. Provider training on evidence-based recommendations for contraception counseling and provision may increase adolescents' access to DMPA and all methods of contraception.     

Constructing queer mother‐knowledge and negotiating medical authority in online lesbian pregnancy journals

Medical interactions around reproduction are increasingly extending beyond the physician's office and onto the Internet, where negotiation with medical authority occurs in complex and dynamic ways. Recently, scholars have noted the Internet's potential for creating spaces where women can dialogue with and reconstruct medical authority, yet this growing body of work is overwhelming heteronormative. This paper thus interrogates how lesbian women use the Internet to challenge, deploy, and rework medical authority around reproduction while navigating the transition to parenthood. I draw from 17 online journals authored by lesbian couples during the conception, pregnancy, and birth of their first child, each spanning between 18 months and 2 years, in order to understand how the transition process unfolds over time. I argue that lesbian couples engage with medical authority when seeking affirmation and normalisation yet discard and publicly reject the heteronormative assumptions that accompany reproductive medicine. Further, they chart a new process that I term ‘constructing queer mother‐knowledge’, in which they critique and balance knowledges from institutionalised medicine, their own bodies, and their queer communities. With this new concept, I complicate understandings of lesbian mothers‐to‐be and their interactions with medical authority as they build subversive families.     

Cross‐country evidence on the social determinants of the post‐socialist mortality crisis in Europe: a review and performance‐based hierarchy of variables

An unprecedented mortality crisis befell the former socialist countries between 1989 and 1995, representing one of the greatest demographic shocks of the period after the Second World War. While it is likely that country‐level variation in the post‐socialist mortality crisis in Eastern Europe can be explained by a constellation of political and socio‐economic factors, no comprehensive review of the existing scholarly attempts at explaining these factors exists. We review 39 cross‐national multi‐variable peer reviewed studies of social determinants of mortality in post‐socialist Europe in order to assess the social factors behind the post‐socialist mortality crisis, determine the gaps in the existing literature and to make suggestions for future research. We propose a novel methodology to determine the relative importance of variables based on the ratio of significant to insignificant findings for each variable. The literature identifies inequality, welfare payments, religious composition, democracy, economic performance and unemployment as the leading factors that have a significant influence on mortality outcomes. Existing cross‐country studies fail to establish a definitive connection between mortality and diets, drinking patterns, liberalisation, trust, health expenditure and war. We also point out that the level of analysis is not a neutral methodological choice but might influence the results themselves.